JSF Interview Questions

1.  What is JSF?
2.  What is JSF architecture?
3. How the components of JSF are rendered? 
4. What is required for JSF to get started?
5.  How JSF different from conventional JSP / Servlet Model?
6. Who are the users of JSF technology?
7. How JSF Fits For Web Applications? 
8. How to declare the Navigation Rules for JSF?
9.   What is JSF life cycle and its phases?
10.  What is the role of Renderer in JSF? and justify the statement "JSF supports multiple client devices".
11. What are tags in JSF ?
13. How to terminate the session?
14. How do I configure the configuration file?
15. What is conversion and validation? and how are they related?
16. When automatic conversion is supplied by JSF Implementation?
17. How to get current page URL from backing bean?
18. What does it mean by rendering of page in JSF?
19. What is JSF framework?
20. How to download PDF file with JSF?

Difference between XElement and XDocument

XDocument represents a whole XML document. It is normally composed of a number of elements.
XElement represents an XML element

Both are the classes defined by System.Xml.Linq namespace

XElement class
represents an XML fragment
XDocument class represents an entire XML document with all associated meta-data.

example:

XDocument d = new XDocument(
      new XComment("hello"),
      new XElement("book",
              new XElement("bookname", "ASP.NET"),
             new XElement("authorname", "techmedia"),
       )
);

Top Ten Mobile Technologies For 2012 And 2013

1. HTML5
2. NFC
3. PLATFORM INDEPENDENT APP DEVELOPMENT TOLLS
4. BLUETOOTH 4
5. LOCATION&CONTEXT
6. 802.11AC
7. AUGMENTED REALITY
8. MACHINE TO MACHINE{M2M}&SMART PRODUCTS
9. MULTIPLATFORM MDM
10. LTE

What is Dot net Framework ?

DOT NET is an integral part of many applications running on Windows and provides common functionality for those applications to run.The DOT NET Framework  is a software framework developed by Microsoft. DOT NET is a general-purpose software development platform, similar to Java. The Microsoft .NET Framework is   available with several Microsoft Windows operating systems.It includes a large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems, a runtime or virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework, and a set of tools for configuring and building applications. The .NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform.At its core is a virtual machine that turns intermediate language (IL) into machine code. High-level language compilers for C#, VB.NET and C++ are provided to turn source code into IL. C# is a new programming language, very similar to Java. An extensive class library is included, featuring all the functionality one might expect from a contempory development platform - windows GUI development (Windows Forms), database access (ADO.NET), web development (ASP.NET), web services, XML etc.

LINQ Restriction Operators example in CSharp

This example gives an idea to you how to use where clause in the LINQ. Here we have nums array which having some integer values.We are writing LINQ for fetching numbers less than 5.


using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace LinqExamples
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };

            var numbersLessThan5=from n in nums
                                 where n<5 select n;

            foreach (int num in numbersLessThan5)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(num); //output: 1 2 3 4
            }

            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

}

Aerospace Interview Questions

What operational benefits do hydraulic actuator/rate controls have over gas charged units?
What is the requirement to become a Professional Engineer (PE) in the field of Aerospace?
How do you use resource Leveraging on your projects ?
Can you miss the clearance limit and loose the commands from the Air Craft Officer?
Are you prepared for unexpected turbulence?
What is SPICE? Where was it developed?
What are the three tactical elements of electronic warfare?
Can ATS deliver CTC training?
What are the duties and responsibilities of aviation security agent in an airport?
What are the disadvantages of being in aerospace industry?
How would you deal with an frustrated customer?
What are the differences between Aerospace Engineering & Aerospace Electronics in TP?
 What are the main areas in Aviation?
Explain the day-to-day responsibilities of Aerospace engineering?
How can noise be reduced?
How would you handle two assignments at once with only enough time to finish one?
There is a vendor who receives inventory and a bill of sale every month but only pays off the bill once a year, how is this transaction recorded?
Tell me about a few times when you had to build a system from scratch in a short time frame?
Do you have circuit knowledge?
Without Air Traffic Control, what is the minimum descent rate you can descend the plane?
What is coulomb damping?
What is your greatest weakness?
Talk about the general topics of a quality audit?
How do you get people to do what they are supposed to do?

Electrical & Electronics Engineering(EEE) Interview Questions

A wiper is the sliding contact in a A. switch B. photoconductive cell C. thermistor D. potentiometer?
Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?
what is meant by insulation voltage in cables? explain it?
What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?
In a Y-connected circuit, the magnitude of each line current is A. one-third the phase current B. three times the corresponding phase current C. equal to the corresponding phase current D. zero?
An ammeter is an electrical instrument used to measure A. current B. voltage C. resistance D. none of the above?
In a certain five-step R/2R ladder network, the smallest resistor value is 1 k. The largest value is A. indeterminable B. 2 k C. 10 k D. 20 k?
A red, red, orange, gold resistor has a nominal value of A. 22,000 B. 2,200 C. 22 D. 2.2?
What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor?
Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?
What is the difference between Isolator annd Circuit Breaker?
A material that does not allow current under normal conditions is a(n) A. insulator B. conductor C. semiconductor D. valence?
When the pointer of an analog ohmmeter reads close to zero, the resistor being measured is A. overheatedB. shorted C. openD. reversed?
 How are power factor correction capacitors available?
Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?
Capacitor is load free component but why ampere meter shows current when capacitor bank breaker close?
Difference between megger and earth tester?
What is inrush current?
Why is Flow measure in Square-root?
Why is Flow measure in Square-root?
What is the difference between delta-delta, delta-star transformer?
A 3.3 k resistor dissipates 0.25 W. The current is A. 8.7 mA B. 87 mA C. 8.7 ?A D. 8.7 A?
In a Tap changing transformer where is the tap connected, is it connected in the primary side or secondary side?
The induced voltage across a stationary conductor in a stationary magnetic field is A. zero B. reversed in polarity C. increased D. decreased?
In a certain series resonant circuit, VC = 125 V, VL = 125 V, and VR = 40 V. The value of the source voltage is A. 125 V B. 250 V C. 290 V D. 40 V?
A 10 resistor, a 90 mH coil, and a 0.015 F capacitor are in series across an ac source. The impedance magnitude at 1,200 Hz below fr is A. 1,616 B. 161 C. 3,387 D. 1,771?
what are the different methods of power quality improvement in power system?
If a loop in a basic dc generator suddenly begins rotating at a faster speed, the induced voltage A. remains unchanged B. reverses polarity C. increases D. decreases?
In a certain Y-Y system, the source phase currents each have a magnitude of 9 A. The magnitude of each load current for a balanced load condition is A. 3 A B. 6 A C. 9 A D. 27 A?
The Thevenin equivalent voltage is A. equal to the source voltage B. the same as the load voltage C. the open circuit voltage D. none of the above?

data mining interview questions

Define Genetic algorithm?
Why A-Priori Helps?
Define Association Rule Mining?
What is Time Series Analysis?
 Explain how data mining is used in health care analysis?
 Explain apriori algorithm?
 Explain constraint-based association mining?
How many classes are there in data mining?
Explain the storage models of OLAP?
 Explain data mining applications for Telecommunication industry?
Differentiate between Data Mining and Data warehousing?
What are the different problems that “Data mining” can solve?
What is an index?
 What are the advantages data mining over traditional approaches?
 Expalin the three-tier data warehouse architecture?
 Explain how to use DMX-the data mining query language?
Explain how to work with the data mining algorithms included in SQL Server data mining?
Describe challenges to data mining regarding data mining methodology and user interaction issues?
How does the data mining and data warehousing work together?
Association Rules and Frequent Itemsets Mining?
Define Clustered and Non-Clustered Index?
What is Naive Bayes Algorithm?
 Define constraint-Based Association Mining?
 How the A-Priori Algorithm works?
 What is Spatial data mining?
 Explain how data mining is used in banking industry?
What Caused this Complexity?
 What is built-in function? Explain its type i.e. Rowset, Aggregate and scalar?
 What is Data purging?
 Explain indexing?
What is Na? Bayes Algorithm?
What are white Papers and Other Publications looking at data mining?
Determine when an index is appropriate?

Differences Between Web Services and WCF in ASP.NET

WCF is a programming model and API.WCF is a replacement for all earlier web service technologies from Microsoft. It also does a lot more than what is traditionally considered as "web services".

WCF "web services" is a  part of a much broader spectrum of remote communication enabled through WCF. You can build a Web service using WCF, but you can also build a Web service using other APIs or "stacks".You will get a much higher degree of flexibility and portability doing things in WCF than through traditional ASMX because WCF is designed, from the ground up, to summarize all of the different distributed programming infrastructures offered by Microsoft. An endpoint in WCF can be communicated with just as easily over SOAP/XML as it can over TCP/binary and to change this medium is simply a configuration file mod. In theory, this reduces the amount of new code needed when porting or changing business needs, targets, etc.

ASMX is older than WCF, and anything ASMX can do so can WCF (and more). Basically you can see WCF as trying to logically group together all the different ways of getting two apps to communicate in the world of Microsoft; ASMX was just one of these many ways and so is now grouped under the WCF umbrella of capabilities.

Web Services can be accessed only over HTTP & it works in stateless environment, where WCF is flexible because its services can be hosted in different types of applications. Common scenarios for hosting WCF services are IIS,WAS, Self-hosting, Managed Windows Service.

The major difference is that Web Services Use XmlSerializer. But WCF Uses DataContractSerializer which is better in Performance as compared to XmlSerializer.

1.Hosting:
Web Service: webservice can host in IIS AND OUTSIDE OF IIS also.
Wcf: Wcf service can host in self hosting,IIS,WAS&Managed Windows Services.

2.File Format:
Web Service:  Webservice file extension is .asmx
Wcf :    WCF service file extension is .svc

3. Data Transformation:
Web Service: XML serializer
Wcf : Data contract serializer

4.Binding Or Transport Protocols:
Web Service: Http,Tcp,Custom
Wcf : Http,WS-Http,Tcp,Custom,Msmq,Point To Point

Java Interview Questions

Why we can not override static method?
What is static in java?
How can we write our own arraylist without using collections?
What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used?
Difference between Swing and Awt?
Which class is extended by all other classes?
How will you perform transaction using JDBC
What is the default size of vector and StringBuffer?
What if the main method is declared as private?
What is meant by Object Oriented Programming?
Can we serialize the static variable?
What is meant by Polymorphism?
What is an Iterator?
Meaning - Abstract classes, abstract methods?
Explain Garbage collection mechanism in Java?
What does it mean that a class or member is final?
What is the difference between interface and abstract class ?
Given A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4 ?? Z = 26, write a java standalone program to encode the word ?TELEPHONE? into numbers.
What is Weak reference and Soft reference in java?
What is the difference between length and length() ?
What are the main differences between Java and C++?
What is internationalisation? How can you achieve in java?
What does the "abstract" keyword mean in front of a method? A class?
What is the difference between instanceof and isInstance?
Is java a fully object oriented programming or not? if not why?
Which Java operator is right associative?
Addition of two numbers using Bitwise operators. Reading An 2D array using single for loop?

Oracle Interview Questions

What is one full life cycle implementation?
What Credit memo / Debit Memo?
What is the command to change the SQL prompt name?
What's the command to see the current user name?
After which stage can not cancel the order
What is a FlexField ? What are Descriptive and Key Flexfields ?
What are context sensitive segments?
What are _ALL tables in Oracle Apps?
Which table stores receipts information?
Explain implicit cursor attributes?
What is the difference between data conversion and data migration?
How do you display the records within a given range?
What is the difference between Organization_id and Org_id ?
What is balancing segment?
What is the difference between Organization_id and Org_id ?
What is invoicing rule?
what is profile options? what are the types of profile options in AR / AP ?
What is profile options? what are the types of profile options in AR / AP ?
How to attach reports in Oracle Applications ?
How will you display message for testing the form you modified?
What is cost center segment?
What are forms customization steps ? 
Invoice Accounting - TDS entry not generated in service bills?
 What are Schema Objects?
 What is Full Backup ?
 What are the type of Synonyms?
 What are the different type of Segments ?

Abinitio Interview Questions FAQS In 2012

             
How will you create a multifile in unix?
  How will you test a dbc file from command prompt ??
How to run the graph without GDE?
  What is m_dump?
        How to create repository in abinitio for stand alone system(LOCAL NT)?
  How to handle if DML changes dynamically in abinitio
Using m_dump command how will you see the data without knowing the dml
  What does layout means in terms of Ab Initio
  What are the different versions and releases of ABinitio (GDE and Co-op version)
Can anyone please explain the environment variables with example?
        What is the function you would use to transfer a string into a decimal?
  How do you connect EME to Abinitio Server?
  Difference between conventional loading and direct loading ? when it is used in real time?
  What is meant by fancing in abinitio ?
  How to Create Surrogate Key using Ab Initio?
  what is difference between file and table in abinitio
  What is the difference between a DB config and a CFG file?
  What does dependency analysis mean in Ab Initio?
  How to get DML using Utilities in UNIX?
  What is the difference between rollup and scan?
What is the difference between a Scan component and a RollUp component?
Why might you create a stored procedure with the 'with recompile' option?
What do you mean by .profile in Abinitio and what does it contains?
How many parallelisms are in Abinitio? Please give a definition of each?
        What is data mapping and data modelling?
  How will you test a dbc file from command prompt ??  
  What is AB_LOCAL expression where do you use it in ab-initio?
 What is the use of aggregation when we have rollup as we know rollup component in abinitio is used to           summirize group of data record. then where we will use aggregation ?
What is the difference between sandbox and EME, can we perform checkin and checkout through sandbox/ Can anybody explain checkin and checkout?
How to Schedule Graphs in AbInitio, like workflow Schedule in Informatica? And where we must is Unix shell scripting in AbInitio?

php function to calculate age from date of birth

This  simple function will calculate  age from a date of birth

<?php

function get_age($birth_date){
 return floor((time() - strtotime($birth_date))/31556926);
 }

echo " I am ".get_age("2000-05-10") ." years old";

?>

Output:I am 12 years old.

How TO Remove the Contents of a Div using JQuery

This  will show how to write a text/content into a div using  jquery and also it will show how to remove text/content.

<html>

 <head>
 <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.3.2/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
 <script>
 $(document).ready(function() {
 $("#click_me").click(function() {
 $("#write_me").html("Hello..Here I am  using jquery");
 });

$("#clear_me").click(function() {
 $("#write_me").empty();
 });

});
 </script>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="write_me"></div>
 <input type="button" id="click_me" name="click_me" value="Write into the div">
 <input type="button" id="clear_me" name="clear_me" value="Clear Me">
 </body>

</html>

DotNet Interview Questions 2012

1.What is the difference between VB6 and VB.Net?
2.True or False: A Web service can only be written in .NET?
3.How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?
4.Where on the Internet would you look for Web services?
5.What should you do to store an object in a Viewstate?
6.What is managed code and managed data?
7.What?s wrong with a line like this ? DateTime.Parse(myString).
8.Why is catch(Exception) almost always a bad idea?
9. What?s the difference between Response.Write() and Response.Output.Write()?
10.How many classes can a single .NET DLL contain?
11.How would one do a deep copy in .NET?
12.Which control cannot be placed in MDI?
13.With respect to security ,which one is the better choice?.Net or J2EE? Explain.
14.What is the root class in .Net ?
15.What is "Common Type System" (CTS)?
16.Briefly explain how server form post-back works (perhaps ask about view state as well).
17.What Is The Difference Between ViewState and SessionState?
18.Advantages of VB.NET?
19.What's ArrayList in .Net (VB.Net or C#) What's the advantageous using ArrayList.
20.What does this do? gacutil /l | find /i ?about?
21.How can you clean up objects holding resources from within the code?
22.How to judge a person for a team if you are allowed to ask only 2 questions to him?
 23.What is early binding and late binding?
 24.Advantages of migrating to VB.NET?
 25.How can i return string by vilating duplicates(inpyt like asdfsda but output should be 2a2d2sf and 2a,2d,2s,f)?

Spring Framework Interview Questions?

1.Explain Spring?
2.What are the different modules in Spring framework?
3.What is Spring Framework?
4.What is the Core container module?
5. What is AOP module?
6. What is Application context module?
7.What is web module?
8. What are object/relational mapping integration module?
9.What is JDBC abstraction and DAO module?
10.What is Application context module?
11.What is a BeanFactory?
12. What is web module?
13.What is XMLBeanFactory?
14.Explain Bean lifecycle in Spring framework?
15.How do add a bean in spring application?
16.How can you override beans default lifecycle methods?
17. What are the different types of bean injections?
18.What are the different types of events related to Listeners?
19.What is a Jointpoint?
20. What are the different advice types in spring?
21.What kind of exceptions those spring DAO classes throw?
22.How can you create a DataSource connection pool?
23.How do you write data to backend in spring using JdbcTemplate?
24.Explain about BatchPreparedStatementSetter?
25.What is a Pointcut?

What are the new features in C# 2.0?

Support for all of the new framework features such as generics, anonymous methods, partial classes, iterators and static classes. See the .NET FAQ for more on these features.

Delegate inference is a new feature of the C# compiler which makes delegate usage a little simpler. It allows you to write this:

    Thread t = new Thread(ThreadFunc);

Instead Of This:

    Thread t = new Thread( new ThreadStart(ThreadFunc) );

Another minor but welcome addition is the explicit global namespace, which fixes a hole in namespace usage in C# 1.x. You can prefix a type name with global:: to indicate that the type belongs to the global namespace, thus avoiding problems where the compiler infers the namespace and gets it wrong.

Finally C# 2.0 includes some syntactic sugar for the new System.Nullable type. You can use T? as a synonym for System.Nullable<T>, where T is a value type. As suggested by the name, this allows values of the type to be 'null', or 'undefined'.

Does C# support multiple inheritance (MI)?

No, though it does support implementation of multiple interfaces on a single class or struct.

Does C# replace C++?

There are three options open to the Windows developer from a C++ background:
1.Forget C++ and use C#.
2.Stick with standard C++. Don't use .NET at all.
3.Use C++ with .NET. Microsoft supply a .NET C++ compiler that produces IL rather than machine code. (To make full use of the .NET environment (e.g. garbage collection), a set of extensions are required to standard C++, called C++/CLI.)

Each of these options has merits, depending on the developer and the application, but for most general purpose applications C# is a much more productive environment than C++.
Where existing C++ code must be used with a new application, the existing code can be wrapped using C++/CLI to allow it to interop with C#.

What is C#?

C# is a general-purpose object-oriented programming language designed by Microsoft. It is loosely based on C/C++, and is very similar to Java. 

Design Patterns Interview Questions?

1.Factory Design Pattern?
2.Why is the study of patterns important?
3.Builder Design Pattern?
4.Prototype Design Pattern?
5.Singleton Design Pattern?
6.Adapter Design Pattern?
7.What major patterns do the Java APIs utilize?
8.Composite Design Pattern?
9.Decorator Design Pattern?
10.Where can I find good examples of the Prototype pattern?
11.What is a software design pattern?
12.Proxy Design Pattern?
13.How do I document a design pattern?
14.Memento Design Pattern?
15.How do you write a Thread-Safe Singleton?
16.Iterator Design Pattern?
17.COR Design Pattern?
18.Command Design Pattren?
19.State Design Pattern?
20.Strategy Design Pattern?
21.Flyweight Design Pattern?
22.Abstract Factory Design Pattern?
23.Mediator Design Pattern?
24.What is an example of a design pattern?
25.Bridge Design Pattern?
26.What are the differences between analysis patterns and design patterns?
27.Interpreter Design Pattern?
28.What is the Reactor pattern?
29.10.Facade Design Pattern?
30.What are Collaboration Patterns?
31.Can you explain factory pattern?
32.Can you explain builder pattern?
33.Can you explain prototype pattern?
34.Can you explain shallow copy and deep copy in prototype patterns?
35.Can you explain abstract factory pattern?

What is the Unchecked Keyword in C#?

The unchecked keyword is used to control the overflow-checking context for integral-type arithmetic operations and conversions. It can be used as an operator or a statement according to the following forms.
The unchecked statement:
unchecked block
The unchecked operator:
unchecked (expression)
where:
Block:The statement block that contains the expressions to be evaluated in an unchecked context.
Expression:The expression to be evaluated in an unchecked context. Notice that the expression must be in parentheses ( ).

WCF,Silverlight, LINQ, WPF,EF 4.0 and Azure interview Questions?

1.How can we connect databases using SilverLight?
2.What is LINQ and can you explain same with example?
3.Can you explain a simple example of LINQ to SQL?
4.How can we define relationships using LINQ to SQL?
5.How can we optimize LINQ relationships queries using ‘DataLoadOptions’?
6.Can we see a simple example of how we can do CRUD using LINQ to SQL?
7.How can we call a stored procedure using LINQ?
8.What is the need of WPF when we had GDI, GDI+ and DirectX?
9.Can you explain how we can make a simple WPF application?
10.Can you explain the three rendering modes i.e. Tier 0 , Tier 1 and Tier 2?
11.Can you explain the Architecture of WPF?
12.Can we understand Blobs in steps, Tables & Queues ?
13.Can we see a simple example for Azure tables?
14.What is Package and One click deploy(Deployment Part - 1) ?
15.What is Web.config transformation (Deployment Part-2)?
16.What is MEF and how can we implement the same?
17.How is MEF different from DIIOC?
18.Can you show us a simple implementation of MEF in Silverlight ?
19.What is Azure?
20.Can you explain Azure Costing?
21.How can we do debugging and tracing in WCF?
22.Can you explain transactions in WCF (theory)?
23.How can we self host WCF service ?
24.What are the different ways of implementing WCF Security?
25.How can we implement SSL security on WCF(Transport Security)?
26.How can we implement transport security plus message security in WCF ?
27.How can we do WCF instancing ?
28.How Can we do WCF Concurency and throttling?
29.Can you explain the architecture of Silverlight ?
30.Can we see a simple Azure sample program?
31.What are the different steps to create a simple Worker application?
32.Can we understand Blobs in steps, Tables & Queues ?
33.Can we see a simple example for Azure tables?
34.What is Package and One click deploy(Deployment Part - 1) ?
35.What is Web.config transformation (Deployment Part-2)?
36.What is MEF and how can we implement the same?
37.How is MEF different from DIIOC?
38.Can you show us a simple implementation of MEF in Silverlight ?
39.How can we consume WCF service in SilverLight?
40.What is SOA, Services and Messages ?
41.What is the difference between Service and Component?
42.What are basic steps to create a WCF service ?
43.What are endpoints, address, contracts and bindings?
44.What are various ways of hosting WCF service?
45.What is the difference of hosting a WCF service on IIS and Self hosting?
46.What is the difference between BasicHttpBinding and WsHttpBinding?
47.What are the basic things needed to make a silverlight application ?
48.How can we do transformations in SilverLight ?
49.Can you explain animation fundamentals in SilverLight?
50.What are the different layout methodologies in SilverLight?

Differences Between ASP And ASP Dotnet

ASP.NET new feature supports are as follows:-

Better Language Support

New ADO.NET Concepts have been implemented.

ASP.NET supports full language (C#, VB.NET, C++) and not simple scripting like VBSCRIPT...

Better controls than ASP

ASP.NET covers large sets of HTML controls..

Better Display grid like Data grid, Repeater and datalist.Many of the display grid havpaging support.

ASP.NET supports forms-based user authentication, including cookie management and automatic redirecting of unauthorized logins. (You can still do your custom login page and custom user checking).

Better Authentication Support

ASP.NET supports forms-based user authentication, including cookie management and automatic redirecting of unauthorized logins. (You can still do your custom login page and custom user checking).

User Accounts and Roles

ASP.NET allows for user accounts and roles, to give each user (with a given role) access to different server code and executables.

High Scalability

Much has been done with ASP.NET to provide greater scalability.

Controls have events support

All ASP.NET controls support events.

Load, Click, and Change events handled by code makes coding much simpler and much better organized.

Compiled Code

Server to server communication has been greatly enhanced, making it possible to scale an application over several servers. One example of this is the ability to run XML parsers, XSL transformations, and even resource hungry session objects on other servers.

Easy Configuration

Configuration of ASP.NET is done with plain text files.

Configuration files can be uploaded or changed while the application is running. No need to restart the server. No more metabase or registry puzzle.

Easy Deployment

No more server restart to deploy or replace compiled code. ASP.NET simply redirects all new requests to the new code.

What’s New for ASP.NET 4.5 and Web Development in Visual Studio 11 Beta

The .NET Framework 4.5 Beta includes enhancements for ASP.NET 4.5 Beta. Visual Studio 11 Beta also includes enhancements and new features for improved web development.
 This document provides an overview of many of the new features that are included in the Beta release.

1.ASP.NET Core Services

2.ASP.NET Web Forms

3.Related Technologies Available Separately

4.Editor Enhancements

5.Data-Related Enhancements

6.Web Application Deployment Enhancements

7.Multi-Version Support

8.IIS Express

9.Additional Resources

Connection string syntax in ASP.NET

For Windows Authenication:

   <ConnectionStrings>
     <Add Name="ConnectionStringName"
ConnectionString="Server=localhost;Database=dbname;Trusted_Connection=True;"
ProviderName="System.Data.SqlClient"/>
         </ConnectionStrings>

For SQL Server Authenication:
    <ConnectionStrings>
<Add Name="ConnectionStringName
"ConnectionString="Server=localhost or IP Adress;
Database=dbname;uid=sql server username;
Pwd=sql server user password"
Provider Name="System.Data.SqlClient"/>
</ConnectionStrings>

How to ask questions in TechNet forum

1. Selecting a good title which summarizes the specific problem you have. It will be the one of the main driving forces for others to want to actually read your item.
Choosing a badly-formatted title will drive people away, thinking that since the title is so badly written, so must be the information and the question within the thread.

2. Provide all the necessary information in your initial post. The following information would be very helpful:
- Symptom description: Detailed description of the problem. If you receive any error messages, please let us know the exact error WORD BY WORD.
- Environment: The system environment, such as your OS/application version, your network topology, and your domain environment, etc.
- Any recent relevant configuration change(s): If the issue started to occur after installing any application/updates or changing the configuration, please let us know.

3. Write in a clear language. Avoiding spelling mistakes or grammatical errors. Don't type IN ALL CAPS, which in most cases is read as shouting and considered rude.

4. Keep with the same thread. Do not refer to a post you made last year, and above all, Please come back.
There are  thousands of posts where we have seen people given great and wonderfully long answers yet no reply from the original poster.

5. Be courteous to reply, even if it's to say. "I've given up" or thanks that worked. This helps the whole community when you do this, and makes the people who donate time, warm and fuzzies.

Elaborate project life cycle?

So here is a simplified answer we have put in front with a diagram so that you can learn in a more easier manner.

Figure: - Life cycle of a project

There are five stages of any project initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closeout. These are general phases and change according to domain. Example when writing a book we will have the following mappings initiating (contacting publishers, getting copy right etc), planning (Table of contents of book, Number of chapters, tool to use, chapter wise deadlines etc), executing (Actually writing the book), controlling (proof reading, language checks, page alignments etc), and closeout (Finally printing and on the shelf for sale). Therefore, this classification is at very broader level, for software development the above figure shows the mapping.

During Software project management interview, expected answer is requirement phase, design phase, coding phase, testing phase, and project closure. But you can just impress the answer by giving a general answer and then showing the mapping.                                           

Object Pooling in Dotnet

COM+ reduces overhead by not creating object from scratch. So in COM+ when object is activated its activated, from pool and when it has deactivated its pushed back to the pool. Object pooling is configures by using the ObjectPoolingAttribute to the class.

Note:- When a class is marked with object pooling attribute it can not be inherited.

ObjectPooling(MinPoolSize := 2, MaxPoolSize := 5, CreationTimeout :=
20000)> _
Public Class testingclass
Inherits ServicedComponent
Public Sub DoWork()
' Method contents go here.
End Sub
End Class

Above is a sample code, which has the Object Pooling attribute defined. Below is a sample code, which uses the class.

Public Class App
Overloads Public Shared Sub Main(args() As String)
Dim xyz As New TestObjectPooling()
xyz.doWork()
ServicedComponent.DisposeObject (xyz)
End Sub
End Class

Above is a sample code, which uses the object pooled object. Note the Dispose Object () This ensures its safe return to the object pool.

Differences between Server,Transfer and response.Redirect ?

Following are the major differences between them:-

Response. Redirect sends message to the browser saying it to move to some different page, while server. Transfer does not send any message to the browser but rather redirects the user directly from the server itself. So in server. Transfer there is no round trip while response. Redirect has a round trip and hence puts a load on server.

Using Server. Transfer you cannot redirect to a different from the server itself. Example if your server is www.yahoo.com you cannot use server. Transfer to move to www.microsoft.com but yes, you can move to www.yahoo.com/travels, i.e. with in websites. Cross server redirect is possible only by using Response. Redirect.

With server. Transfer you can preserve your information. It has a parameter called as preserveForm.Therefore, the existing query string etc. will be able in the calling page.

If you are navigating within the same website use Server. Transfer or else go for response.Redirect ()

Basic .NET, ASP.NET, OOPS & SQL Server Interview Questions

1.Define Interface & What is the diff. between abstract & interface?
2.What problem does Delegate Solve ?
3.What is a Multicast delegate ?
4.What are events and what's the difference between delegates and events?
5.How can we make Asynchronous method calls using delegates ?
6.What is a stack, Heap, Value types and Reference types ?
7.What is boxing and unboxing ?
8.Can you explain ASP.NET application and Page life cycle ?
9.What is Authentication, Authorization, Principal & Identity objects?
10.How can we do Inproc and outProc session management ?
11.How can we windows , forms and passport authentication and authorization in ASP.NET ?
12.In a parent child relationship which constructor fires first ?
13.What is IL code, CLR, CTS, GAC & GC?
14.How can we do Assembly versioning?
15.can you explain how ASP.NET application life cycle and page life cycle events fire?
16.What is the problem with Functional Programming?
17.Can you define OOP and the 4 principles of OOP?
18.What are Classes and Objects?
19.What is Inheritance?
20.What is Polymorphism, overloading, overriding and virtual?

JQuery Interview Questions

1.What is JQuery? Why we have to use JQuery for our applications?
2.Write any sample program using JQuery?
3.What is CDN for JQuery? If CDN will fail, how to handle JQuery file?
4.Zoom image using JQuery example&
How to zoom image using JQuery animate function (or) mouseover and mouseout?
5.Image movement using JQuery Example using animate, mouseover and mouseout functions?
6.How to split text or string in JQuery using split() function with an example in ASP.NET?
7.How to refresh/reload part of page using Javascript or JQuery in ASP.NET?
8.What is the use of jQuery.NoConflict with example?
9.How to disable button using JQuery with Example?
10.When JQuery ready event will fire?
11.How to execute jQuery code after the browser window is completely loaded?
12.what is JQuery core?
13.what is th use of .pushStack()in jquery?
14.what is delegate method in JQuery? how to use it?
15.How to use class divison and other html tag using JQuery in the selectors?
16.How to do ajax call using JQuery? how to get sever response for AJAX call using JQuery?
17.What are the AJAX functions in JQuery?
18.how to get query string values using JQuery?
19.How to get data of particular element of JQuery?
20.How to get the text value of a selected option?

21.How to do email validation using jquery?
22.Using regular expressions how to validate numeric text box using jquery?
23.How to validate text box is empty of not using jquery?
24.How to validate character count of text box using jquery?
25.What is jquery .connect?

C Data Structures Interview Questions And Answers For Freshers

1.How can I find the number of possible tree in the given tree?

(A) Number of possible tree = (2 power of n) – n

2. What is Hashing?

(A) Hashing is a technique to retrieve records from memory quickly.

3. What is difference between linear and non linear data structures?

(A) Linear data structures are data structures whose data are in linear. eg: Arrays

Non linear are data structures whose data are non linear format. eg: Trees

4. List the notations used in Evaluation of Arithmetic Expressions using prefix and postfix forms?

(A) Polish and Reverse Polish notations.

5. Can I use Selection method to for sorting?

(A) Yes, Selection method is used for Selection sort.

6. When I can call it complete Binary Tree?

(A) It is said to be complete when each node that has a right child also has a left child. Having a left child does not require a node to have a right child. Alternate Binary tree is a tree where their is always a left node for right node but may be may not be right node for left node.

7. What is AVL tree?

(A) AVL tree is self balancing tree, in which balancing factor lie between the -1 to 1.

Testing Loadrunner Interview Questions For Freshers

1.what is loadrunner?

2. what is vugen?

3.what is controller?

4. what is analysis?

5. what is transaction points?

6. what is correlation? what is the importance of correlation and where we have to use that?

7.what is response time?

8. what is thinktime?

9.what is pacingtime?

10. what is the difference between thinktime and pacingtime?

11. what is web_reg_save_param? and where we are using that functions?

12. what is web_reg_find?

13. what are the clientside metrics and serverside metrics?

14.what are the components of loadrunner?

15. what is scripting? and what is the purpose of scripting?

16. what is tps and hits per second?

17. what are the properties of paramater?

18.Can you explain some lr_functions?

19. What is bottleneck?and explain some causes of bottlenecks?

20. What is scenario?

(Q) What is goal oriented scenario?

(Q) What is real world scenario?

Telephonic Interview Questions And Answers For Freshers FAQs

Most of the companies are taking phone interview prior to personal interview. So that they can save time and shortlist the best candidate. If you are fresher then you need to prepare for telephonic interview before you give one.

Telephonic interview is conducted just like in-person interviews. Hiring manager or recruiters call to screen candidates for employment. It is very important that you take time and prepare yourself for phone interview. In this article I will give few frequently asked telephonic interview questions.

(Q) Tell me about yourself?

(A) Prepare yourself for this question before interview. And be clear so that hiring manager can hear you.

(Q) What interests you about this job?

(A) The best way to respond is to describe you qualification listed in the job posting.

(Q)Why do you want this job?

(A) This is not only a fine opportunity, but this company is a place where my qualifications can make a difference.

(Q) Are you willing to travel?

(A) Yes if you can.

(Q) Is there anything I haven’t told you about the job or company that you would like to know?

(A) Take this chance to ask anything that you want to know about the job, don`t hesitate.

Here are few more tips while telephonic interview

Prepare for phone interview by collecting necessary information.
Be sure that your mobile service provider is good.
Turn of call waiting option in your mobile
If you are in busy place try to get in private space
Focus and listen to interviewer carefully
Pay attention and speak confidently

C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION

set {
   MyField = value;
    }
 }
 public event EventHandler MyEvent;
 public int this[int index] {
  get {
   return 0;
    }
  set {
   Console.WriteLine("this[{0}] = {1}", index, value);
    }
 }
 public static MyClass operator+(MyClass a, MyClass b) {
  return new MyClass(a.MyField + b.MyField);
 }
 public MyClass() {
  Console.WriteLine("Instance constructor");
 }
 public MyClass(int value) {
  MyField = value;
  Console.WriteLine("Instance constructor");
 }
 ~MyClass() {
  Console.WriteLine("Finalizer");
 }
 static MyClass() {
  MyStaticField *= 2;
  Console.WriteLine("Static constructor");
 }
 internal class MyNestedClass
 {}
}
shows a class that contains each kind of member. The example
class Test
{
 static void Main() {
  // Instance constructor usage
  MyClass a = new MyClass();
  MyClass b = new MyClass(123);
  // Constant usage
  Console.WriteLine("MyConst = {0}", MyClass.MyConst);
  // Field usage
  a.MyField++;
  Console.WriteLine("a.MyField = {0}", a.MyField);
  // Method usage
  a.MyMethod();
  // Property usage
  a.MyProperty++;
  Console.WriteLine("a.MyProperty = {0}", a.MyProperty);
  // Indexer usage
  a[3] = a[1] = a[2];
  Console.WriteLine("a[3] = {0}", a[3]);
  // Event usage
  a.MyEvent += new EventHandler(MyHandler);
  // Overloaded operator usage
  MyClass c = a + b;

// Nested type usage
  MyClass.MyNestedClass d = new MyClass.MyNestedClass();
 }
 static void MyHandler(object sender, EventArgs e) {
  Console.WriteLine("Test.MyHandler");
 }
}
shows uses of these members

Decimal comparison operators

The predefined decimal comparison operators are:
bool operator ==(decimal x, decimal y);
bool operator !=(decimal x, decimal y);
bool operator <(decimal x, decimal y);
bool operator >(decimal x, decimal y);
bool operator <=(decimal x, decimal y);
bool operator >=(decimal x, decimal y);
Each of these operators compares the numeric values of the two decimal operands and returns a bool value
that indicates whether the particular relation is true or false. Each decimal comparison is equivalent to
using the corresponding relational or equality operator of type System.Decimal.
Lifted (§14.2.7) forms of the unlifted predefined decimal comparison operators defined above are also predefined.

Floating-point comparison operators

The predefined floating-point comparison operators are:
bool operator ==(float x, float y);
bool operator ==(double x, double y);
bool operator !=(float x, float y);
bool operator !=(double x, double y);
bool operator <(float x, float y);
bool operator <(double x, double y);
bool operator >(float x, float y);
bool operator >(double x, double y);
bool operator <=(float x, float y);
bool operator <=(double x, double y);
bool operator >=(float x, float y);
bool operator >=(double x, double y);
The operators compare the operands according to the rules of the IEC 60559 standard:
If either operand is NaN, the result is false for all operators except !=, for which the result is true. For
any two operands, x != y always produces the same result as !(x == y). However, when one or both
operands are NaN, the <, >, <=, and >= operators do not produce the same results as the logical negation of
the opposite operator. [Example: If either of x and y is NaN, then x < y is false, but !(x >= y) is true.
end example]
• When neither operand is NaN, the operators compare the values of the two floating-point operands with
respect to the ordering
–∞ < –max < … < –min < –0.0 == +0.0 < +min < … < +max < +∞
where min and max are the smallest and largest positive finite values that can be represented in the given
floating-point format. Notable effects of this ordering are:
o Negative and positive zeros are considered equal.
o A negative infinity is considered less than all other values, but equal to another negative infinity.
o A positive infinity is considered greater than all other values, but equal to another positive infinity.
Lifted (§14.2.7) forms of the unlifted predefined floating-point comparison operators defined above are also predefined.

Relational and type-testing operators

The ==, !=,  <, >, <=, >=, is and as operators are called the relational and type-testing operators.
relational-expression:
shift-expression
relational-expression   <   shift-expression
relational-expression   >   shift-expression
relational-expression   <=   shift-expression
relational-expression   >=   shift-expression
relational-expression   is   type
relational-expression   as   type
equality-expression:
relational-expression
equality-expression   ==   relational-expression
equality-expression   !=   relational-expression
The is operator is described in §14.9.10 and the as operator is described in §14.9.11.
The ==, !=, <, >, <= and >= operators are comparison operators. For an operation of the form x op y, where
op is a comparison operator, overload resolution (§14.2.4) is applied to select a specific operator
implementation. The operands are converted to the parameter types of the selected operator, and the type of
the result is the return type of the operator. If both operands of an equality-expression have the null type
(§11.2.7) (and hence the null value as well), then overload resolution is not performed and the expression
evaluates to a constant value of true or false according to whether the operator is == or !=.

Tell About Yourself In Interview For Freshers With Answers

This is the very first question asked to you when you go for interview. These few words about you can put on the spot in a way no question can. Many of you lose control of the interview for first 5 minutes. This is not the time to give the interviewer a lengthy history and take into other direction. Here are few important tips for freshers to answer “Tell about yourself”

Make sure that you talk more on the interesting and skills required for the position you applied in this company.
Respond to this question has a commercial question that sells your autobiography.
Answer the question which is expected to ask like what is your goal, where you took training, your studies and where you grew up etc..
Prepare yourself that you will answer this in 60sec highlighting interest, your skills and strength.
Concentrate more on your common theme related to your skills and strength required for this job.
Here is a sample Tell me about you answer

“I was born in Hydrebad,  and attended Lincoln High School. Ever since I was a teenager, I tinkered with computers. It was my hobby, my passion, and my way of learning. Like most kids I enjoyed computer games. When my folks gave me a computer as a reward for making honor roll my sophomore year, I mastered DOS, Windows, and WordPerfect within six months. I then went on to teach myself programming basics. By the time I graduated high school, I knew I wanted to study programming. “

Disguise strength as a weakness. Tell weakness in a positive way.
Your main strategy is to make feel your interviewer that you can complete this job on time. So go ahead and give your qualities.
These were few things how you can face interview, but do you know what actually interviewer wants from you? Here are few points listed.

A proven record that shows you as an achiever.
Intelligence, honesty, integrity, dedication towards work, working overtime when needed.
Being social is also needed.
With all these important thing is communication with confident.

DATA STRUCTURES INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.What is difference between linear and non linear data structures?

(A) Linear data structures are data structures whose data are in linear. eg: Arrays

Non linear are data structures whose data are non linear format. eg: Trees

2. List the notations used in Evaluation of Arithmetic Expressions using prefix and postfix forms?

(A) Polish and Reverse Polish notations.

3. Can I use Selection method to for sorting?

(A) Yes, Selection method is used for Selection sort.

4.When I can call it complete Binary Tree?

(A) It is said to be complete when each node that has a right child also has a left child. Having a left child does not require a node to have a right child. Alternate Binary tree is a tree where their is always a left node for right node but may be may not be right node for left node.


5.How can I find the number of possible tree in the given tree?

(A) Number of possible tree = (2 power of n) – n

6.What is Hashing?

(A) Hashing is a technique to retrieve records from memory quickly.

SQL Interview questions & answers

1. Which is the subset of SQL commands used to manipulate Oracle Database structures, including tables?
Data Definition Language (DDL)

2. What operator performs pattern matching?
 LIKE operator

3. What operator tests column for the absence of data?
IS NULL operator

4. Which command executes the contents of a specified file?
START <filename> or @<filename>

5. What is the parameter substitution symbol used with INSERT INTO command?
&

6. Which command displays the SQL command in the SQL buffer, and then executes it?
RUN

7. What are the wildcards used for pattern matching?
_ for single character substitution and % for multi-character substitution

8. State true or false. EXISTS, SOME, ANY are operators in SQL.
True

9. State true or false. !=, <>, ^= all denote the same operation.
True

10. What are the privileges that can be granted on a table by a user to others?
Insert, update, delete, select, references, index, execute, alter, all


11. What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE commands?
TRUNCATE is a DDL command whereas DELETE is a DML command. Hence DELETE operation can be rolled back, but TRUNCATE operation cannot be rolled back. WHERE clause can be used with DELETE and not with TRUNCATE.


12. What command is used to get back the privileges offered by the GRANT command?
REVOKE

13. Which system tables contain information on privileges granted and privileges obtained?
       USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE, USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD

14. Which system table contains information on constraints on all the tables created?
      USER_CONSTRAINTS

15. TRUNCATE TABLE EMP;
  DELETE FROM EMP
Will the outputs of the above two commands differ?
Both will result in deleting all the rows in the table EMP.

16.What is Common Table Expression in SQL Server? Where do u use this?

17.What are DML, DCL, TCL and DDL statements in SQL Server? Explain briefly with an example?
18.What is mean by transaction in SQL Server?
19.What are difference between stored procedure and functions?
20.What are Max number of columns allows per table in SQL Server?
21.Sql stored procedures performance tuning tips and tricks?
22.What is Cascading referential integrity constraint?
23.SQL Query performance tips and tricks?
24.Difference between Primary key and unique key?
25.How many types of indexes are there in SQL Server?
26.What is SQL Server paging?
27.A table can have indexes. So, what are possibilities are there for tables?
28.Difference between #tempTable,##tempTable,@tableName?
29.Query for column values by comma separated in Sql Server?
30.Types of Joins in SQL Server? What are link between Common Table Expression and SQL Server?
31.What is sub query? How many types of sub queries are there in SQL Server?
32.What are the differences between drop, delete and truncate statements in SQL Server?
33.What are different types of temp tables in the SQL Server?
34.What is difference between clustered index and non clustered index in sql server?
35.What is mean by Cascading referential integrity constraint?

dotnet interview quetions & answers

1.Differences between DLL and EXE?
     dot exe
1.These are outbound file.
2.Only one dotexe file exists per application.
3. .Exe cannot be shared with other applications.


dot dll
1.These are inbund file .
2.Many dotdll files may exists in one application.
3. dotdll can be shared with other applications.


2.Can an assembly have EXE?


Assembly is nothing but single deployment and self describing. Yes Assembly can have dll/exe.


3.Compare & contrast rich client (smart clients or Windows-based) & browser-based Web application ?

 When implementing a client/server architecture you need to determine if it will be the client or the server that handles the bulk of the workload. By client, we mean the application that runs on a PC or workstation and relies on a server to perform some operations.In last week’s Did You Know article we discussed the differences between thick clients (also called fat clients) and thin clients in terms of hardware. The terms thick client and thin client, however, have double meanings, as thick and thin also are used to describe the applications or software. In this article we take a look at the terms thick and thin as related to client application software.


4.Can a DLL be changed to an EXE?

In short, the answer is no. Unlike an EXE file which contains a single entry point (typically WinMain() or simply main() depending on the type of exe file), a DLL file is a library of functions intended to be linked into a running application. A DLL file can have a nearly infinite (it’s based on file size and such) possible entry points.


5.Can a try block have more than one catch block?

Yes, It can have as many as you want. It allows you to catch very specific exceptions.

6.Compare Client server application with n-Tier application?

All web applications are N-Tier architectures. An N-Tier architecture is really a Client-Server architecture combined with the Layered architecture. The reason why I combine Client-Server and N-Tier here is because they are very much related.A Client-Server system is one in which the server performs some kind of service that is used by many clients. The clients take the lead in the communication. The basic Client-Server architecture has 2 tiers (Client and Server).


7.Can a try block have nested try blocks?

Yes perfectly legal, but not always it is useful.

8.How do you load an assembly at runtime?

Here is the sample code, hope it will help

Loader.AssemblyLoader assLoader = null;

object[] parms = { AssemblyName }; // string AssebmlyName

assLoader = (Loader.AssemblyLoader)domain.CreateInstanceFromAndUnwrap(“yourAssemply.dll”, “Loader.AssemblyLoader”, true, bindings, null, parms,null, null, null);

9.How do you view the methods and members of a DLL?

Go to visual studio 2003/2005 command prompt and type “ildasm”. It will open a window. In that window load ur dll, it will show all the methods and members.

10.What is shadowing?

Shadowing is either through scope or through inheritance. Shadowing through inheritance is hiding a method of a base class and providing a new implementation for the same. This is the default when a derived class writes an implementation of a method of base class which is not declared as overridden in the base class. This also serves the purpose of protecting an implementation of a new method against subsequent addition of a method with the same name in the base class.’shadows’ keyword is recommended although not necessary since it is the default.

Electronic Circuits & Simulation Lab Syllabus

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LAB

PART-A: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
1) Thevenin’s, Norton’s and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems
2) Superposition theorem and RMS value of complex wave
3) Verification of Compensation Theorem
4) Reciprocity , Millmann’s Theorems
5) Locus Diagrams of RL and RC Series Circuits
6) Series and Parallel Resonance
7) Determination of Self, Mutual Inductances and Coefficient of coupling
8) Z and Y Parameters
9) Transmissionand hybrid parameters
10) Measurement of Active Power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads
11) Measurement of Reactive Power for Star and Delta connected balanced loads
12) Measurement of 3-phase Power by two Wattmeter Method for unbalanced loads

PART-B: PSPICE SIMULATION
1) Simulation of DC Circuits
2) DC Transient response
3) Mesh Analysis
4) Nodal Analysis

NOTE:
Eight experiments are to be conducted from PART-A and any Two from PART-B
PSPICE Software Package is necessary.

Dbms Viva Questions & Answers

Database

1. What is database?

A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.

2. What is DBMS?

It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.

3. What is a Database system?

The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system.

4. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?

Three levels of abstraction:

? Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.

? Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data.

? View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.

5. Define the "integrity rules"

There are two Integrity rules.

? Entity Integrity: States that? Primary key cannot have NULL value?

? Referential Integrity: States that? Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation.

6. What is extension and intension?

Extension -It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.

Intension -It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it.

7. What is System R? What are its two major subsystems?

System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system.

Its two subsystems are

? Research Storage

? System Relational Data System.

8. How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure?

Unlike Relational systems in System R

? Domains are not supported

? Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional

? Enforcement of entity integrity is optional

? Referential integrity is not enforced

9. Advantages of DBMS?

? Redundancy is controlled.

? Unauthorized access is restricted.

? Providing multiple user interfaces.

? Enforcing integrity constraints.

? Providing backup and recovery.

10. Disadvantage in File Processing System?

? Data redundancy & inconsistency.

? Difficult in accessing data.

? Data isolation.

? Data integrity.

? Concurrent access is not possible.

? Security Problems.

11. What is Data Independence?

Data independence means that? The application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data? In other words, the ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.

Two types of Data Independence:

? Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.

? Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level.

NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve

12. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?

A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.

Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence.

13. What is Data Model?

A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints.

14. What is E-R model?

This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.

15. What is Object Oriented model?

This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes.

16. What is an Entity?

It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence.

17. What is an Entity type?

It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.

18. What is an Entity set?

It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.

19. What is an Extension of entity type?

The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set.

20. What is Weak Entity set?

An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set.

21. What is an attribute?

It is a particular property, which describes the entity.

22. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?

A relation Schema denoted by R (A1, A2,…?, An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3... tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t= (v1, v2... vn).

23. What is degree of a Relation?

It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.

24. What is Relationship?

It is an association among two or more entities.

25. What is Relationship set?

The collection (or set) of similar relationships.

26. What is Relationship type?

Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types.

27. What is degree of Relationship type?

It is the number of entity type participating.

25. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?

A data base schema is specifies by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL.

26. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?

It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.

27. What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)?

This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas.

28. What is Data Storage - Definition Language?

The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language.

29. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?

This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate data model.

? Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data.

? Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.

31. What is DML Compiler?

It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand.

32. What is Query evaluation engine?

It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler.

33. What is DDL Interpreter?

It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata.

34. What is Record-at-a-time?

The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time.

35. What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented?

The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented.

36. What is Relational Algebra?

It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation.

37. What is Relational Calculus?

It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL.

38. How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus

The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL

The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.

39. What is normalization?

It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties

? Minimizing redundancy

? Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.

40. What is Functional Dependency?

A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.

41. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?

? Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.

? We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

? We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

42. What is multivalued dependency?

Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the following properties

? t3[x] = t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X]

? t3[Y] = t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y]

? t3 [Z] = t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z]

Where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ]

43. What is Lossless join property?

It guarantees that the spurious tuples generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition.

44. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?

The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.

45. What is Fully Functional dependency?

It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more.

46. What is 2NF?

A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key.

47. What is 3NF?

A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true

? X is a Super-key of R.

? A is a prime attribute of R.

In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.

48. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?

A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.

49. What is 4NF?

A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true

? X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.

? X is a super key.

50. What is 5NF?

A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2... Rn} that holds R, one the following is true

? Ri = R for some i.

? The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R.

51. What is Domain-Key Normal Form?

A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the relation.

52. What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?

Partial Key:

It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.

Alternate Key:

All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys.

Artificial Key:

If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as developing an artificial key.

Compound Key:

If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound key.

Natural Key:

When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the natural key.

53. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?

Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.

Types:

? Binary search style indexing

? B-Tree indexing

? Inverted list indexing

? Memory resident table

? Table indexing

54. What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as?

A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary.

55. What is meant by query optimization?

The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization.

56. What is join dependency and inclusion dependency?

Join Dependency:

A Join dependency is generalization of multivalued dependency. A JD {R1, R2, ..., Rn} is said to hold over a relation R if R1, R2, R3, ..., Rn is a lossless-join decomposition of R . There is no set of sound and complete inference rules for JD.

Inclusion Dependency:

An Inclusion Dependency is a statement of the form that some columns of a relation are contained in other columns. A foreign key constraint is an example of inclusion dependency.

57. What is durability in DBMS?

Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability.

58. What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation?

Atomicity:

Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions.

Aggregation:

A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships.

59. What is a Phantom Deadlock?

In distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to unnecessary aborts.

60. What is a checkpoint and when does it occur?

A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes.

61. What are the different phases of transaction?

Different phases are

? Analysis phase

? Redo Phase

? Undo phase

62. What do you mean by flat file database?

It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-file capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management.

63. What is "transparent DBMS"?

It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user.

64. Brief theory of Network, Hierarchical schemas and their properties

Network schema uses a graph data structure to organize records example for such a database management system is CTCG while a hierarchical schema uses a tree data structure example for such a system is IMS.

65. What is a query?

A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation language.

66. What do you mean by Correlated sub query?

Sub queries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the sub query is written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the sub query is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated sub query.

A correlated sub query can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent sub query columns in its WHERE clause. Columns from the sub query cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated sub query.

E.g. Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE from ORDER Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM)

67. What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems?

Addition, deletion and modification.

68. Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored

? Edit? Buffer

69. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?

PROJECTION and SELECTION.

70. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?

No.

PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another.

JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another.

71. What is RDBMS KERNEL?

Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database

You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage within its table-space structures

.

72. Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS

I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management

73. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How

Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.

74. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?

The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location.

75. not only RDBMS takes care of locating data it also

Determines an optimal access path to store or retrieve the data

76. How do you communicate with an RDBMS?

You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL)

77. Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional programming Languages

SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform them.

78. Name the three major set of files on disk that compose a database in Oracle

There are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files are binary. These are

? Database files

? Control files

? Redo logs

The most important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself.

All three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or the entire database using a backup, if there is one.

79. What is an Oracle Instance?

The Oracle system processes, also known as Oracle background processes, provide functions for the user processes? Functions that would otherwise be done by the user processes themselves

Oracle database-wide system memory is known as the SGA, the system global area or shared global area. The data and control structures in the SGA are shareable, and all the Oracle background processes and user processes can use them.

The combination of the SGA and the Oracle background processes is known as an Oracle instance

80. What are the four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable

The four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable include DBWR (Database Writer), LGWR (Log Writer), SMON (System Monitor), and PMON (Process Monitor).